Avoid These Life Insurance Tax Traps

Few people like to think about the paperwork and financial logistics associated with death. It often feels more comfortable to pretend the day will never come, and let such details remain undiscussed among loved ones.

Even under the best of circumstances, addressing something as important as life insurance is less than fun. But understanding if and when life insurance payouts are taxable, and what measures can be taken to help avoid paying Uncle Sam, is an essential part of sound financial planning.

“It’s easy to make mistakes that can cause unnecessary tax or financial hardship,” says Eva Victor, advanced sales attorney at the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company. “Effective planning should identify, avoid, or remediate planning mistakes and oversights – and preserve the unique tax benefits afforded to policy owners and beneficiaries.”

If that sounds intimidating, read on for some key advice from life insurance and certified financial planning experts.

In Most Cases, Taxes on Life Insurance are a Non-Issue

By and large, the proceeds from life insurance are not taxed. This is because life insurance payouts are not included in the recipient’s gross income and therefore do not need to be reported to the IRS.

In addition, life insurance premiums are typically paid with after-tax dollars, so proceeds from such policies are exempt from further taxation.

The exception to this general taxation rule arises with individuals who have extremely large estates, which will be explained later. But for the time being, it’s important to note that for spouses, no matter what the estate size, payouts are excluded from taxes.

There are, however, some basic pitfalls to be aware of, according to David Hryck, a New York City tax advisor, lawyer, and personal finance expert who is a partner at Reed Smith.

For instance, life insurance proceeds will be taxed if they’re paid in installments instead of a lump sum. The interest paid on installments would be taxed at ordinary income rates, according to Hryck.

When Life Insurance Is Taxable

In the world of life insurance planning, there’s a common and highly complex trap known as a tax triangle, according to Penn Mutual’s Victor.

This tax triangle occurs when there are three different parties to a life insurance contract – the insured, the policy owner, and the policy beneficiary. Under such circumstances, when the insured passes away, the policy owner may be treated as making a taxable transfer of the death proceeds to the policy beneficiary – subjecting the death benefit to potential gift tax or income tax, depending upon the situation, says Victor.

For example, in the case of an employer-owned life insurance policy (first party) that covers an employee of the company (second party) and pays out to that employee’s spouse (third party), the death benefit received by the beneficiary may be subject to income tax.

In some cases, the beneficiaries of wealthy individuals whose estates are in excess of a certain dollar value, may also find themselves paying taxes to the state and/or the federal government on life insurance proceeds, says Chris Kimball, an independent financial planner in Washington.

“For wealthy individuals, without proper planning, a large part of their life insurance death benefits might end up going to their favorite uncle – Uncle Sam,” says Kimball.

Here’s why: The federal government allows a wealthy individual to transfer up to $5.45 million to his or her heirs, without paying federal estate taxes. However, if someone has a life insurance policy with a death benefit of $3 million, for example, that too could be included as part of his or her estate.

“So for someone who is worth a couple million dollars, when they die, their beneficiaries probably won’t pay any federal estate taxes. But if he or she also has life insurance that puts the estate value over the top of that $5.45 million threshold, then there will be taxes to be paid,” explains Kimball. “In addition to the federal government, various states may also have their own, separate, estate taxes.”

Often high-net-worth individuals get around this inconvenience by establishing an Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust, or ILIT.

The ILIT is a trust that owns the policy, and therefore the value is generally not considered part of the individual’s estate. And upon death, the insurance proceeds go to the intended beneficiaries, not the government.

However, if an in-force policy is put into an ILIT less than three years before the individual’s death, it could be subject to the estate tax.

Additionally, taxes could be a factor if the owner puts more money into a permanent life insurance policy than was originally stated or allowed in the contract. This overage in funds turns the cash value of the life insurance policy into a Modified Endowment Contract, which is taxed as an investment vehicle.

“If a policy can hold $100,000 and you put in $150,000, then the cash value amount will be taxed as if it were an investment vehicle,” explains Anthony Bowers, a senior associate with Revolution Financial Management in Valencia, Calif.

One final instance where taxes come into play involves individuals who surrender a life insurance policy before passing away and take the cash. If a loan was taken from the life insurance policy at any point, there may now be taxes to pay on the money that was borrowed.

Related: Is Borrowing Against Life Insurance a Good Idea?

The Bottom Line

Nearly all experts agree that proper planning when it comes to life insurance is essential, no matter how young you are and no matter what your overall net worth may be.

A thoughtfully established policy can provide for loved ones in your absence — replacing lost income, and also helping to cover any remaining liabilities or expenses associated with the deceased individual.

“I tell everyone that they need to have a life insurance policy,” says Bowers. “Because at the end of the day, there are things you’re leaving behind that your family is going to have to deal with.”

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