Inside the science behind Elon Musk’s crazy plan to put chips in people’s brains and create human-AI hybrids

Elon Musk puzzled confused

Elon Musk founded neural tech company Neuralink in 2016. This year the company showcased the technology it's developing — a chip connected to wires which fan out into the human brain, capable of both recording brain activity and stimulating it.
Musk has extolled the technology saying it could be used for people with neural conditions and disorders, but has also predicted it could enable human "symbiosis with artificial intelligence."
He also boasted that the technology had experienced limited success already as the company had got a monkey to "control a computer with its brain."
Business Insider spoke to two neuroscientists to find out exactly how innovative Neuralink is. Both said that while components of Neuralink's design are exciting, the fact a monkey had been able to control a computer isn't as impressive as it sounds.
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Tesla CEO Elon Musk has an unusual passion project: a neural tech company called Neuralink.

Musk cofounded Neuralink in 2016, and the company remained relatively under the radar until 2017 when the Wall Street Journal broke the news that he had established the company to "merge computers with human brains."

Developing brain chips is a curious side hustle for a man who is simultaneously running Tesla, his space exploration company SpaceX, and The Boring Company, which Musk hopes will dig underground transit systems for cities.

But Neuralink zeroes in on one of Musk's main fears — artificial intelligence. The entrepreneur has frequently been vocal about his worries that AI could one day come to overshadow the human race. He's founded a general-purpose research organization called OpenAI but Neuralink has a much more tangible, futuristic goal of making AI-enabled devices capable of interacting with people's brains.

In July, Neuralink executives and Musk gave a presentation on the technology the firm has developed so far.

The big reveal was a tiny microchip that could, theoretically, be implanted behind a person's ear with tiny threads containing electrodes fanning out into the brain.

Neuralink chip

The concept isn't new.

Scientists have already created devices capable of both interpreting brain activity and stimulating the neurons in the brain. A memorable demonstration of the technology was in 2012 when paralyzed patients were able to control a robotic arm.

However, Elon Musk doesn't want to stick with what is already possible. He said, in classic Muskian style, that apart from treating neural conditions such as Parkinson's, he hopes that Neuralink could one day facilitate a "symbiosis" between humans and AI. He also excitedly announced that the company had successfully got a monkey to "control a computer with its brain," and that Neuralink hopes to start human testing "before the end of next year."

Business Insider spoke to two neuroscientists to sort the science from the spin.

"There's definitely some bombastic points and some much more realistic aspects of the announcement," said Andrew Hires, an assistant professor of neurobiology at the University of California. He came away from Neuralink's presentation with the sense that Neuralink had improved on existing technologies in three significant ways.

1. Floppy wires could move with the brain without causing damage

The wires on Neuralink's proposed device uses Hires thinks could advance the field because of just how floppy they are. "The fact that they're using these flexible wires is a significant innovation, particularly if they're trying to get it into consumers," said Hires. Each wire is slightly slimmer than a human hair and carries electrodes which are both able to detect brain activity and — theoretically — stimulate it.

"Stiff wires in the brain cause a lot of damage because the brain can move around," Hires pointed out, adding that a living brain is very soft, much softer than the specimens you might have seen in jars which have been stiffened with formaldehyde. "It's a lot softer than jello," he said. Floppy wires like the ones Neuralink described could potentially be a better solution for any device that's going to spend a long period embedded in someone's brain because they're less likely to inflame or damage the tissue.

This is not a new technology, but it is recent enough that we don't know if these wires could last more than a couple of years. "The technology's only been out for like a year or two. It could be that these flexible wires are less reliable, less robust, maybe they're gonna break," said Hires.

Dr. Rylie Green of Imperial College London noted that the material used to make the threads is quite a commonly used polymer in the field. She also noticed that the electrodes themselves are made of gold, which she calls a "research-level technology," rather than being ready to put into people's brains.

2. A sewing machine instead of a surgeon

One big problem with floppy wires is they can be difficult to thread into the brain, and for this Neuralink has invented something entirely new. The probes would be inserted into the brain by a device not dissimilar to a sewing machine, which would use a stiff needle to poke the threads into place about 1 millimeter into the outer surface of the brain, or the cortex.

Hires said the idea of this sewing machine is "brand new" and a significant innovation. He has had to perform insertions of similar devices into the brains of mice by hand. "Doing this stuff by hand, these are very fine things… it's very hard to have a steady enough hand to do these things manually," he said.

Neuralink

Specifically Hires was impressed by a feature on the machine which counteracts the fact that the human brain likes to jiggle around. "There's breathing, the heartbeat, and those two factors can move the brain around a little bit," said Hires.

The feature is called online motion correction, and works by taking video of the brain's blood vessels under a microscope and then using a robot to adjust the needle to move with those blood vessels.

3. A super-powered chip which translates brain activity

The final weapon in Neuralink's arsenal is the chip which will interpret the brain activity being picked up by the electrodes.

"There's a problem with getting electrical signals out of the brain, and that is that they're very small. And the farther they have to travel down a thin wire the more they're going to get distorted by noise, because there's always some electrical noise going on in the world around us. You want to be able to amplify and digitize the signal as close to the source as possible," Hires said.

"From what they disclosed in their whitepaper, that chip looks beyond the state of the art... That's going to enable you to record from more places with higher precision," he said. "It's sort of like upgrading your TV to go from standard definition to high definition," he added.

To Dr. Rylie Green, the most exciting thing about Neuralink isn't that any of these three technologies are groundbreaking in and of themselves, but rather that they've been brought together. "All those different aspects have been under development for quite some time, and it's nice to see them all come together in one device," she said.

Don't get too excited about the monkeys

Although Musk was eager to tell the audience at the Neuralink presentation that the technology had allowed a monkey to "control a computer with its brain," neither Hires nor Green were massively surprised or impressed by this.

"The monkey is not surfing the internet. The monkey is probably moving a cursor to move a little ball to try to match a target," said Hires. Musk himself didn't give any detail about Neuralink's primate testing during the July presentation. "This is something you can already do with traditional brain-machine interfaces... I'm not surprised they've been able to achieve that," added Hires.

Lab monkey.JPG

"Doing it with this device is something that could be considered to be impressive or different based on the sheer size of them being quite small or them using different sorts of materials, but it's to elucidate that unless they've actually written it down [and] shown the data," said Green.

Neuralink's most likely use: Giving robotic limbs the feeling of touch

While Elon Musk is keen to extol the future merging of AI and human consciousness, Hires and Green are more excited by the near-term benefits the technology could bring.

"The first application you can imagine is better mental control for a robotic arm for someone who's paralyzed," said Hires. Green concurred with this, adding it could be used by patients with locked-in syndrome to give them "fine control" over robotic limbs.

Although neural control of robotic limbs has been around since 2012, Neuralink's technology could enable the next big step — touch feedback, sometimes called haptic feedback. Theoretically, this could be possible if Neuralink's chips recorded which areas of the brain are stimulated when we touch and interact with the world, and then the electrodes could use this information to stimulate the brains of people using robotic prostheses to simulate this sensation.

Prosthetic robotic arm

Neuralink's electrons won't necessarily have to perfectly stimulate the right neurons to generate this feeling due to the brain's ability to adapt.

"The hope, and I think it's a reasonable hope... over time the cortex is able to re-learn and re-associate the electrical stimulation patterns. As long as there's a consistent relationship with what you're doing out in the world and what's going on in the brain," said Hires.

Elon Musk's goal of an AI-human hybrid probably won't happen

Both Hires and Green were more skeptical of Elon Musk's stated aim — that Neuralink will one day facilitate the augmentation of human consciousness with artificial intelligence. However Hires did not rule it out entirely.

"To get to the level of integrating with AI, this is where [Musk] sort of is going off into aspirational fantasy land," said Hires. "But it is hard to predict how technology is going to change twenty years," he added.

According to Hires we would need electrodes precise enough to stimulate individual neurons and, perhaps more importantly, a better understanding of the brain itself. "We don't understand the rules by which the brain re-organizes to learn things," he said.

Elon Musk

Green pointed towards the ethical problems which could arise in a world where Neuralink could connect AI to people's brains. "The biggest concern is how you manage to actually protect information in that sort of interface," she said.

She also believes Neuralink's biggest hurdle comes long before it tries to put AI in anyone's brains. "To get any of these devices into your brain... is very, very high-risk surgery," Green said. She said that the idea of a healthy person opting for brain surgery was troubling.

"People do it because they have severe limitations and there is a potential there to improve their life. Doing it for fun is not a great idea," she added.

This doesn't rule out the possibility that Neuralink will become a real, applicable technology. "It could potentially happen in Elon Musk's lifetime," said Hires.

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